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  DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY   Diabetes  is the most silent and devastating health issue which, if neglected can lead to many long-term complications like  Diabetic nephropathy  (affecting kidneys), cardiovascular diseases affecting the heart, Diabetic retinopathy (affecting the eyes), Diabetic neuropathy (affecting the nervous system) etc. Among the diabetic complications,  Kidney disease  is a major complication as it can lead to end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis or  kidney transplantation . How does Diabetes hurt or affect my Kidneys? The main job of the kidneys is to filter wastes and extra water out of the blood to make urine. Kidneys also help control blood pressure and produce hormones that your body needs to stay healthy.   Kidneys have minute blood vessels that aid in filtering the blood. High blood sugar levels can make these vessels become narrow and clogged leading to decreased filtration capacity, causing the excretion of albumin (a type of protein) t

  Kidney functions: Kidneys  are bean-shaped organs; they are located below the rib cage. Kidneys filter about a half cup of blood every minute, filtering waste and excess of water to make urine. Urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through two tubes called ureters, one on each side of the bladder. Bladder stores urine. Kidneys, ureters, and bladder are part of the urinary tract. Jobs that kidney do 1. Remove wastes and extra fluid Kidneys act as a filter that removes wastes and extra fluid from your body.  Kidneys filter blood  to make urine. Urine contains wastes and extra fluid. This prevents the gather of wastes and fluid to keep the body healthy.     2. Control blood pressure Kidneys need the pressure to work properly. Kidneys can ask for higher pressure if it seems too low, or try to lower pressure if it seems too high by controlling fluid levels and making the hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict.   3. Make red blood cells Kidneys make th

  Dietary Advice for Kidney Stones kidney stone A kidney stone is a hard mass that forms from crystals in the urine.  For most people, natural chemicals in the urine keep stones from forming and causing problems. Did you know that 1 in 10 people have  kidney stones  over the course of a lifetime?   Dietary Advice to Stone forms     Drink plenty of fluid This includes the following fluid such as water, coffee, and lemonade which have been shown to have a beneficial effect with the exception of grapefruit juice and soda.This helps to produce less concentrated urine and ensure a good urine volume of at least 2.5L/day   Limit foods with high oxalate content Spinach, chocolate, wheat bran, nuts, tea, and rhubarb this food should be eliminated from your diet intake   Eat enough dietary calcium Three servings of dairy per day will help lower the risk of calcium stone formation. Eat with meals . Avoid extra calcium supplements Calcium supplements should be i

  Haematuria Haematuria  is the presence of blood in the urine. There are two types of haematuria Gross haematuria: - Person can see blood in the urine Microscopic haematuria : - Person cannot see blood in the urine, it can be seen by a microscope. Cause The most common causes of haematuria include Infections in bladder, kidney, and prostate, vigorous exercise, menstruation, endometriosis, trauma Serious causes of haematuria include Bladder or kidney cancer, blood-clotting disorders, sickle cell disease, nephritic syndromes   Haematuria is most commonly seen in? The person who affects with an enlarged prostate, Urinary stones, strenuous exercise, bacterial or viral infection, and having a family history of  kidney disease .   Symptom People with gross  haematuria  has a urine colour that looks like pink, red, or brown. A small amount of blood in the urine can change colour. Other symptoms of gross haematuria are blood clots in urine that can cause pain in

  PHIMOSIS  Phimosis  is defined as the inability to retract the skin (foreskin or prepuce) covering the head (glans) of the penis. The tip of the penis appears as a tight ring or a rubber band preventing from retraction.   It is of two types   Physiological phimosis   Children are born with tight foreskin during birth and separation occurs naturally around 2-4 years of age. This condition is normal in infants.   Pathological Phimosis   The phimosis occurs due to repeated inflammation retraction of the foreskin leading to bleeding, scarring, and infection.   Symptoms    If there is a painful ballooning or difficulty during urination then it advised for the treatment.   Diagnosis and Evaluation   Phimosis leads to penile irritation or bleeding, painful urination and erections, ballooning of foreskin with pain and difficulty during urination, urinary retention, recurrent infections, paraphimosis and  urinary tract infections  which require treatment.

  Proteinuria     Proteinuria  is a condition where a large amount of protein is excreted in the urine, which is above the normal quantity. This is a very early sign of  kidney diseases . Healthy kidneys do not allow the protein to pass through their filters (nephrons). Any abnormality in the glomerular filter membrane leads to protein leak from the blood into the urine.     Causes    Diabetes and high blood pressure cause damage to the kidneys, which leads to proteinuria. Other types of   kidney disease unrelated to diabetes or high blood pressure like nephrotic syndrome, autoimmune diseases, and glomerulonephritis can also cause the protein to leak into the urine.     Symptoms   ·         Large amounts of protein may cause urine to be foamy ·         facial puffiness ·         swelling in the hands, feet ·         fluid in the abdomen.   Treatment   ·         Diabetes and high blood pressure is the most common causes that can cause kidney disease, It

  Penile Cancer Penile cancer,  or cancer of the penis, is a relatively rare cancer that targets the skin and tissues of the penis. Its target’s the good cells in the penis and change them into cancerous, and they develop in huge number i.e. cancers cells begin to grow out of control, forming a tumour, this cancer spreads to each and every part of the body includes glands, lymph nodes and other organs   There are several types of penile cancer: Squamous cell:  This makes 95% of penile cancer cases. It usually starts at the penile skin/glans Sarcoma:  In this case, cancers form in tissues like muscle, blood vessels, and fat. Melanoma:  This   cancer starts in the cells that give skin colour . Basal cell carcinoma:  These cancers start deeper in the skin. They grow slowly but they won't spread to other areas of your body .     Cancer Causes and Risk Factors   ·         Using tobacco products. ·         Having poor personal hygiene. ·         Weakened immune